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The Handel and Haydn Society, familiarly known as H+H, is an American chorus and period instrument orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1815, it is the second oldest musical organization in the United States after the U.S. Marine Band (founded 1798) and the oldest continually performing arts organization in the United States.〔Ted Libbey, ''The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music'' (NY: Workman Publishing, 2006), 305〕 ==Early history== The Handel and Haydn Society was founded as an oratorio society in Boston on March 24, 1815, by a group of Boston merchants and musicians, "to promote the love of good music and a better performance of it". The founders, Gottlieb Graupner, Thomas Smith Webb, Amasa Winchester, and Matthew S. Parker,〔H. Earle Johnson, "Handel and Haydn Society," in H. Wiley Hitchcock and Stanley Sadie, eds., ''The New Grove Dictionary of American Music'' (London: Macmillan Press, 1986), Vol II (ISBN 0-943818-36-2), p. 318.〕 described their aims as "cultivating and improving a correct taste in the performance of Sacred Music, and also to introduce into more general practice, the works of Handel, Haydn, and other eminent composers."〔Broyles, ''Music of the Highest Class'', 144-6〕 The Society premiered on Christmas Day, December 25, 1815, at King's Chapel (then Stone Chapel), with a chorus of 90 men and 10 women.〔 The early chorus members were middle-class tradesmen drawn from the choirs of local churches.〔Broyles, ''Music of the Highest Class'', 140-1〕 Only men could be members, while a far smaller number of women were invited to participate.〔Broyles, ''Music of the Highest Class'', 147〕 In its early decades the Society hired what musicians it could afford and used unpaid amateurs to complete the orchestra or sometimes substituted organ for orchestra.〔Broyles, ''Music of the Highest Class'', 323ff.〕 Jonas Chickering, at the start of his career as a piano manufacturer, joined the Society in 1818 at age 20 and later became its president.〔Johnson, ''Interludes'', 111; Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 38, 61〕 The Society was also an early promoter of composer Lowell Mason, publishing his first collection of hymns in 1822 and later electing him as the group's President.〔Broyles, ''Music of the Highest Class'', 62, 70〕 Profits from the sales of that hymnbook and a second collection of sacred music subsidized the Society for several decades.〔Broyles, ''Music of the Highest Class'', 167, 328-9. Mason's work was the ''Boston Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music'' (1822). The other was the ''Boston Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Sacred Music'', 4 vols. (1821-1832).〕 The Handel and Haydn Society has given a number of notable American premieres, including Handel's ''Messiah'' in 1818,〔Charles C. Perkins and John S. Dwight, ''History of the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston, Massachusetts'', vol. I, 1815-1890 (Boston: Alfred Mudge, 1893), "Concerts, Fourth Season"〕 and the second U.S. performance of Haydn's ''The Creation'' in 1819.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 31〕 The Society also sponsored the first American publication of an edition of ''Messiah'' in 1816.〔Alan Blyth, ed., ''Choral Music on Record'' (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 83〕 It presented the U.S. premieres of musical settings by many baroque and classical composers, including Mozart and Bach. An 1818 assessment in the ''New England Palladium'' magazine said:〔Johnson, ''Interludes'', 97〕 Some early reviews noted that public interest waned after a few years as many standard works were repeated. John Rowe Parker wrote in the ''Euterpeiad'':〔Johnson, ''Interludes'', 150, 254-5. "Meed", ''archaic'', a fitting reward.〕 The Society's principal chronicler believes that repeating repertoire was necessary to support "much rehearsing until the inexperienced singers could master that which special enthusiasm had carried through in rough outline."〔Johnson, ''Interludes'', 89, 91. The assessment is Johnson's.〕 Membership from the start and well into the 20th century was limited to men, though the chorus, which was first dominated by male voices, was soon roughly balanced between male and female.〔Johnson, ''Interludes'', 89〕 About 1823, several of the Society's members commissioned Beethoven to compose an oratorio, apparently with an English text, which he never completed.〔Johnson, ''Interludes'', 252n〕 From its earliest years, Handel and Haydn participated in music festivals and civic celebrations to commemorate significant historical events. For the visit of President James Monroe in 1817, the H+H orchestra performed a march composed for the occasion by their concertmaster, followed by almost two dozen arias and choruses.〔Johnson, ''Interludes'', 133〕 In 1826, H+H joined the services in Faneuil Hall marking the deaths of President Adams and Jefferson. In 1830 it helped mark the 200th anniversary of the founding of Boston, and it gave a concert in 1833 to help raise funds for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument.〔Perkins and Dwight, ''History'', "Concerts: Eleventh Season", "Concerts, Sixteenth Season", "Concerts, Eighteenth Season"〕 President John Tyler attended an 1843 concert,〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 61〕 and the Society helped commemorate the death of Daniel Webster in 1852.〔Perkins and Dwight, ''History'', "Concerts, Thirty-Eighth Season"〕 That same year it participated in the opening of the Boston Music Hall, which later became the first home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The next year it presented the Boston Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.〔 Its 600-member chorus participated in Boston's memorial service for Abraham Lincoln, singing "Mourn, ye afflicted people" from Handel's ''Judas Maccabaeus'' and "Cast thy burden upon the Lord" from Mendelssohn's ''Elijah''. It marked the centennial of Beethoven's birth by performing selections from his Ninth Symphony in 1870.〔Perkins and Dwight'', "Concerts: Fifty-Sixth Season"〕 When Boston paid tribute to Admiral George Dewey upon his return from the Spanish–American War in 1899, 280 H+H singers greeted his arrival at City Hall with "See the Conquering Hero Comes" from ''Judas Maccabaeus''.〔Louis Stanley Young, ''Life and Heroic Deeds of Admiral Dewey'' (Boston: James H. Earle, 1899), 546〕 It performed for Grand Duke Alexis of Russia〔Dwight and Perkins, ''History'', "Concerts: Fifty-Seventh Season"〕 and Queen Elizabeth II. In addition, the Society held benefit concerts for the Union Army, victims of the Chicago fire of 1871,〔 and Russian Jewish refugees displaced by the 1882 May Laws. The Society occasionally favored a composer whose modern reputation has not matched his nineteenth-century popularity. In the 1830s, the Society presented ''David'', an oratorio by Haydn's pupil Sigismund von Neukomm, 55 times.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 52-4〕 By the 1850s, H+H had hundreds of members, but fewer than half participated as the Society presented repeat performances of a small number of classic oratorios varied only by a sampling of church anthems. Rossini's ''Moses in Egypt'' was performed 25 times in the course of two seasons in the mid-1840s. In 1852, the Society upgraded the quality of its orchestral support by hiring the Germania Orchestra, a band of European immigrant musicians with their own conductor, a group far better trained than the musicians hired until then who had found Mendelssohn's works very challenging.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 61-4, 66-7, 73-4, 75〕 The Society joined in celebrations marking the effective date of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863.〔 The Society marked its golden jubilee in May 1865 with a five-day festival of nine concerts employing a chorus of 700. It included the first H+H performance with full orchestra of Mendelssohn's ''Hymn of Praise''.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 93-6〕 Five more such festivals using more modest forces followed at three-year intervals.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 104-5, 109, 111ff., 130, 139, 142-4〕 Years of preparation led to the first all-but-complete H+H performance of Bach's ''St. Matthew Passion'' on May 8, 1874.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 109, 114-5, 124〕 One noteworthy member of the society's chorus in the middle of the 19th century was Julia Ward Howe, composer of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic". The Society has performed Handel's ''Messiah'' annually since 1854. It gave the first United States performances of Verdi's ''Requiem'' in 1878, just four years after its world premiere,〔Perkins and Dwight, ''History'', "Concerts, Sixty-third Season"〕 and of Handel's ''Joshua'' on Easter Sunday 1876.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 128-9〕 The first works by American composers appeared in the Society's 1874 programs: ''St. Peter'' by John Knowles Paine and the ''Forty-sixth Psalm'' by Dudley Buck.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 122〕 In 1892, the Society presented the premiere of the Mass in E flat by Amy Beach, a youthful work by the first important female American composer.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 162-4〕 Critics condemned the H+H performance of the Berlioz Te Deum in 1888 as the work of "a musical crank".〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 150-2〕 As the Society considered works outside the traditional religious oratorio tradition, such as Saint-Saens' ''Samson and Delilah'', it surveyed local religious leaders to determine if they would object to such performances on Sunday evenings. Some did not object to the music or subject matter, but to conducting a commercial enterprise on the Sabbath. In a few instances, the music was modified for Sunday performances, as when the drinking song was dropped from Haydn's ''The Creation''.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 183-6〕 The Society participated in some of the mass concerts and festivals that followed the end of the American Civil War, at first reluctantly. Invited to participate in Boston's National Peace Jubilee that assembled more than 10,000 voices, H+H was, according to the event's organizer, "the very first invited, yet they were among the very last−the ''one hundred and second society''−to accept."〔P.S. Gilmore, ''History of the National Peace Jubilee and Great Musical Festival'' (NY: Lee and Shepard, 1871), 263-4, 741ff.〕 In 1870 the Society joined in a New York City celebration, with members of the orchestra and 546 chorus members taking overnight boats to perform excerpts from ''Elijah''.〔Perkins and Dwight, ''History'', 291-2〕 When H+H traveled to perform the complete ''Elijah'' and other works in New York City and Brooklyn in 1873, a special train carried the performers, including approximately 400 singers.〔Perkins and Dwight, ''History'', 330-2〕 To mark the arrival of the twentieth century, 200 members of the H+H chorus participated in a midnight ceremony at the Massachusetts State House on December 31, 1899, leading the singing of "Old One Hundredth" and "America".〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 180〕 The Society performed for the first time in Boston's Symphony Hall on October 21, 1900.〔 In the new century, as musical tastes changed and other professional groups competed for the same audience, H+H reduced its performances to four annually and avoided innovative repertoire choices. Occasionally a concert took on the flavor of a "pops concert", with sentimental vocal solos including Arthur Sullivan's "The Lost Chord", even as the Society's president lamented how the public was distracted from concert-going "in these days of radio and victrolas."〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 189, 198, 207〕 The Society struggled during the financial crisis of the 1930s, experimenting unsuccessfully with evenings of Wagner excerpts. A better strategy arranged for concerts to be sponsored by local charities, such as the League of Catholic Women, Boston University, and Faulkner Hospital, all of which underwrote ticket sales.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 213-5〕 World War II created personnel problems and the number of choristers fell to 206 active members, its lowest point in a hundred years. Yet the Society ambitiously planned its first performance of Brahms' ''A German Requiem'' for April 29, 1945, and dedicated it to President Roosevelt who died on April 12.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 217-9〕 It released its first commercial recording, Handel's ''Messiah'', in 1955, made its television debut in 1961, and in December 1963 presented the world's first televised performance of ''Messiah''.〔 H+H marked its 150th anniversary in March 1965 with the premiere of Randall Thompson's ''The Passion According to St. Luke'', which it commissioned for the occasion.〔Johnson, ''Hallelujah'', 237-40〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Handel and Haydn Society」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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